M22 can be fully automated upon integration with systems such as multipurpose integrated chemical agent detector (MICAD). It has been widely used during the Gulf War where its communications interface was found very useful. M22, also based on IMS technology, is capable of detecting nerve and blister agents. M8A1 has since been replaced with M22 automatic chemical agent detector alarm (ACADA). Others have reported that M8A1 or ACAA can detect GA, GB, and GD at 0.1 – 0.2 mg/m and VX at 0.4 mg/m (8). It can detect nerve and blister agents as low as 0.1 mg/m 3 (7). This system continuously monitors the area of concern for hazardous vapors and aerosols of nerve agents, and emits an alarm within 1 – 2 minutes of chemical agent contact. There are also standalone detectors that use IMS technology such as Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm (ACAA), formerly known as M8A1. Sabre FR is used mainly by first responders to detect trace particles of explosives, drugs such as cocaine and heroin, and chemical warfare agents. APD2000 detects nerve agents, blister agents, and other hazardous materials such as mace and pepper spray. and Sabre FR (Figure 24), both are manufactured by Smiths Detection, are commercially available and used by HAZMAT teams and first responders. Response time for CAM and ICAM generally takes 10 to 60 seconds. It has been widely used during the Gulf War but was found to report erroneous responses in closed spaces and in heavily smoked areas (7). ICAM is a handheld device that can also be attached to mobile vehicles to continuously monitor nerve agent concentrations. is a handheld device, manufactured by Smiths Detection, to detect nerve, blister and blood agents. M80 and M90 are hand-held devices manufactured by a Finnish company, of which a limited amount of information is available.
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Aspiration IMS is a fairly new application that has been used to detect chemical agents like VX and soman degradation products (113, 114) Among the chemical detectors utilizing the IMS technique are M80 and M90, Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM), Improved Chemical Agent Monitor (ICAM), Advanced Portable Detection (APD). failure in CWA identification occurred or detection signals were difficult to interpret (112).
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